Novel Sequential-presentation-only (SPO) Line-up Effects

Novel Sequential-presentation-only (SPO) Line-up EffectsSimultaneous, Sequential and Sequential Presentation plainly line-ups in mediating Hit False alarum placeValerie LimAbstractExculpating individualistics due to mistaken identifications in simultaneous line-ups have stirred questions of trust to the procedure. Researchers proposed a back-to-back presentation line-up to reduce the fabricated identifications more than than they reduce scoots as a superior procedure. This cartoon investigated if a novel straight-presentation-only (SPO) line-up could draw the benefits of both procedure by hypothesizing (a) a sequential line-up leave alone yield less hits and fake alarms than a simultaneous line-up and (b) a sequential presentation only line-up will yield fewer false alarms than a simultaneous line-up without a important reduction of hits. 713 participants assessed a set of images to an image of the perpetrator in different line-up conditions. The first hypothesis was partially back up maculation the second hypothesis was non. This study suggests that simple manipulations have potential to make the simultaneous line-up more reliable and a novel SPO line-up does not redeem the effects.Eye learn identifications are among the most persuasive, and sometimes only, juncture in the apprehension of criminals. This typically involves a simultaneous line-up(SIM) where the suspect(target) is placed among known innocents(foils) who resemble the witnesss description of the perpetrator (Wells Olson, 2003). The selection or lack of selection from the witness is wedded significant legal weighting. However, 75% of convictions involved exculpation finished DNA testing where witness misidentification was at fault. encouragemore, in 38% of these cases, multiple witnesses have misidentified the same innocent somebody (Project, 2009), which brings to question the accuracy of the procedure.Lindsay and Wells (1985) devised the sequential line-up (SEQ) procedur e as a better alternative. Each line-up member is presented atomic number 53 at a time and witnesses must decide if the line-up member matches the perpetrator forward moving on to the next. Witnesses are unaware of the number of members shown, similar to real world cases, where each member is shown once. The superiority effect stems from the enhanced overall accuracy as SEQ reduces false identifications(false alarms) when the target is absent(target-absent conditions), more than it reduces correct identifications (hits) when the target is present (target-present conditions) (N. Steblay, Dysart, Fulero, Lindsay, 2001).The differences in line-up performance can be attributed to witnesss decision st postgies (Gronlund, 2004). In SIMs, witnesses employ a relative judgement strategy where they evaluate the similarity of line-up members to their recollection of the culprit relative to one another, even when the resemblance Is vague (McQuiston-Surrett, Malpass, Tredoux, 2006 N. K. Steb lay Phillips, 2011). In target-present conditions, the perpetrator is the closest match, resulting in more hits (N. Steblay et al., 2001). In comparison, target-absent conditions risk foils with the closest resemblance to be picked, in effect producing more false alarms. This flaw is hike up enhanced when the dissimilarity of appearance in line-up members incr relieves (Charman, Wells, Joy, 2011). Accordingly, presenting a line-up sequentially is said to eliminate relative judgements and to allow absolute comparisons to each line-up member exclusively to retentiveness (Lindsay Wells, 1985 N. K. Steblay Phillips, 2011). However, in target-present conditions, sequential line-ups produce degrade hit rates compared to simultaneous line-ups (McQuiston-Surrett et al., 2006).The reduction in hit rate is better understood with signal maculation theory (SDT) (Meisser, Parker, Parker, MacLin, 2005). SDT posits that our ability to recognise and differentiate between familiar and novel stimuli rests on our resolution bar and discrimination accuracy. Discrimination accuracy is the ability of an individual to correctly detect a signal (hits) vs. correctly reject its absence (correct rejections), while response criterion is the strength of evidence required in the first place a signal (hit) is registered. In line-ups, the response criterion is familiarity-based and if a line-up member exceeds the familiarity thres try for and corresponds to the witnesss memory of the perpetrator, it produces a hit, or otherwise it is rejected (Gronlund, 2004).It is important to note that witnesses lack awareness of the number of line-up members they will be shown in sequential line-ups. This raises the criterion threshold, which means more hits will be unlikely and more misses are produced. Furthermore, since witnesses cannot revise their previous decisions on a line-up member, they are subjected to a conservative response bias (McQuiston-Surrett et al., 2006). In effect, this r educes the hit and false alarm rates.Ideally, a line-up procedure that employed absolute judgement without a criterion shift would confer the best of both simultaneous and sequential procedures. This maximises hit rates while minimises false alarms, optimising the discrimination accuracy. This study examines a novel type of sequential procedure, named sequential presentation only (SPO), which theoretically can do so. The SPO involves line-up members being shown one at a time, while leaving the decision making until after all line-up members have been shown. This retains absolute judgement in the decision making passage while decreasing response bias. As a result, the hit rates should be comparable to those of a simultaneous line-up.It follows that this study hypothesises in target-present manipulations (a) a sequential line-up will yield fewer hits and false alarms than the simultaneous line-up and (b) a sequential presentation only line-up will yield fewer false alarms than the si multaneous line-up without a significant reduction in hits.MethodParticipantsThe participants were 713 PSYC20007 Cognitive Psychology students who completed the task in groups as part of a laboratory sample. Students were randomly assign to conditions with 240 in the Simultaneous presentation condition, 229 in the Sequential presentation condition and 218 in the Sequential Presentation Only condition. 26 Participants were removed for having incomplete selective information files.Stimuli and ApparatusParticipants were group tested in a computer lab. The experiment was completed in an internet browser running an experiment programmed using hypertext markup language and Javascript. The stimuli were black and white head shots of males taken from Kayser (1985) each photo was presented on a white background.ProcedureOn each trial, the words Get fake were presented for grounds ms followed by the presentation of a target face (the perpetrator), which was presented for 500 ms and was imm ediately backward masked by a locomote image of that face presented for 1000 ms. The line-up was then presented, and the participants response recorded.In the simultaneous presentation condition, all five faces were presented simultaneously in a row across the centre of the pervade with a small gap between each face along with identifying numbers 1 to 5. The number of remaining trials was displayed on the screen at this stage. Participants were instructed to respond with 1 to 5 indicating the line-up member that they thought was the target or to respond 6 if the target was not present in the line-up. The experiment then advanced to the next trial.In the sequential condition, the five line-up members were presented one at a time for until a response was make. For each line-up member, the participant made a response (yes or no). There was a 1000 ms blank interval between each face. Once all of the five line-up members were completed, the participants were assured of the number of remaining trials for 1500 ms, and the experiment advanced to the next trial.In the Sequential Presentation Only condition, the five line-up members were presented one at a time for 1000 ms each. There was a blank interval of 1000 ms between each line-up member. After the final line-up member, the response scale was presented until a response was made. The number of remaining trials was displayed on the screen at this stage. Participants were instructed to respond with 1 to 5 indicating the line-up 7 member that they thought was the target or to respond 6 if the target was not present in the line-up. The experiment then advanced to the next trial.In each condition, the line-up was constructed from a set of five faces pinched from a set of 54 possible faces. On target present trials, the target was drawn randomly from the set of line-up faces. On target absent trials, the target was drawn from the remaining 49 faces. There were 50 trials in the experiment.ResultsThe mean ratings for the Simultaneous, Sequential and SPO condition as a function of Hit rates and False alarms are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1. Mean hit rates and false alarms as a function of line-up conditionA one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in the hit rate, F(2,684) = 12.62, p 2 = .04. A post-hoc analysis using the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons showed significant difference in the hit rate between the SIM condition and the SEQ condition (Mean Difference = 0.08, p Mean Difference = 0.05, p = .02), but not between the SEQ and the SPO condition (Mean Difference = 0.04, p = .10).A one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in the false alarms, F(2, 684) = 9.28, p 2 =.03. A post-hoc analysis with the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons showed significant difference in the false alarm rate between the SIM and SPO condition (Mean Difference=0.69, p Mean Difference= 0.01, p=1.00) as well as the SEQ and the SPO condition (Mean Difference= 0.06, p= .004).According t o Cohen (1988), both hit rate and false alarms demonstrated a small to medium effect of line-up procedure.DiscussionThis study investigated if a novel SPO line-up could attain optimal discrimination accuracy. In target-present conditions, it was hypothesized that (a) sequential line-up will yield fewer hits and false alarms than the simultaneous line-up and (b) the SPO line-up will yield fewer false alarms than the simultaneous line-up without a significant reduction in hits. The first hypothesis was partially supported as there were fewer hit rates but not false alarms in the SEQ condition. Our second hypothesis was not supported. Results showed that the sequential condition produced less hits compared to the simultaneous condition, this was consistent with previous research (Lindsay Wells, 1985). However, false alarm rates were comparable. As for the SPO condition, a significantly lower mean hit rate was produced, as well as a higher(prenominal) false alarm rate compared to both the other conditions.Simultaneous line-ups induce a relative judgement decision approach (Gronlund, 2004). In a target-present condition such(prenominal) as ours, the line-up member that most resembles witnesss memory of the culprit will induce a higher mean hit rate (N. Steblay et al., 2001). This was supported in our results. In a simultaneous target-absent line-up, the foil with most resemblance should be picked with similar reasoning, producing more false alarms. However, our results showed that false alarm rates were higher in the sequential line-up instead.Sequential line-ups cause a criterion shift, influencing a conservative no or unsure response in witnesses which reduces hits and false alarm rates (McQuiston-Surrett et al., 2006). A possible explanation our results did not replicate this is the use of instructions which states explicitly the target may be absent or present. operating instructions may prompt witnesses in realising that a criminals absence was a genuine poss ibility (N. Steblay et al., 2001), and thus will consider each person in succession (absolute judgement strategy) (Dysart Lindsay, 2001). Since simultaneous line-ups do not induce a criterion shift, witnesses have less of a conservative bias and will refrain from guessing more (Palmer Brewer, 2011). This accounts for the high rate in the simultaneous line-up and low false alarm rates compared to the sequential condition. However, since the same instructions were given to both conditions, it does not explain the unexpected results in the sequential condition. Perhaps showing all the line-up members in one sitting works at ease to witnesses memory and hence decisions (Smith et al., 2014). Further investigations need to verify this result.Participants in the sequential condition refrain from making an identification as a result of the criterion shift (Palmer Brewer, 2011). This reduces the overall hit rate. To negate this effect, all decision making is reserved to the end of the lin e-up procedure in the SPO condition. However, it still produced a significantly lower mean hit rate compared to the simultaneous condition, suggesting a criterion shift is unaffected by when participants report their decisions.Furthermore, the results indicate that the difference between the simultaneous and SPO line-ups were not significant in regards to false alarms. The SPO condition was created to retain the low false alarm rates by appealing an absolute judgement framework. It appeals to memory in the sense of match-making, instead of a relative judgement among line-up members (Gronlund, 2004). By theory, this would discourage false alarms from occurring. Nonetheless, our results were comparable between the simultaneous and SPO procedures. This could also be explained in harm of the effect of imposing instructions. The caution that it gives participants makes it more likely in minimizing false alarm rates in the simultaneous condition, but may not be as dominant in a sequentia l set-up.This study included presenting photographs of suspects as opposed to actual human entities in line-up conditions. The photographs only contained the suspects neck to facial features, excluding their physical build-up. This means that our line-ups may not include ecological validity (McQuiston-Surrett et al., 2006) and should be validated in similar trials and psychological concepts before being used in practice.In conclusion, this study found that the simultaneous condition have potential in possessing optimal discrimination accuracy in regards to more hits and fewer false alarms. This is a contradiction to previous research as the superiority effect of the sequential condition may not hold even under target-absent settings. This finding followed when validating a novel SPO procedure was ineffective. A lower hit rate and higher false alarm rate resulted, becoming the worst performer of all conditions. However, it should be taken into consideration photographs cannot replica te real world ecology and may affect response criterion. Further research should focus on binding the findings to psychological concepts related to memory and decision making in line-up procedures.ReferencesCharman, S., Wells, G., Joy, S. (2011). The Dud Effect Adding Highly Dissimilar Fillers Increases trustfulness in Lineup Identifications. Law Human Behavior (Springer Science Business Media B.V.). 35(6), 479-500.Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Dysart, J. E., Lindsay, R. C. L. (2001). A Preidentification oppugn Effect Serendipitously Increaseing Correct Rejections Law and Human Behaviour, 25(2).Gronlund, S. D. (2004). Sequential line-ups Shift in criterion or decision strategy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(2), 362-368.Lindsay, R. C., Wells, G. L. (1985). Improving eyewitness identifications from lineups Simultaneous versus sequential lineup presentation. Journal of Applied Psych ology, 70(3), 556-564.McQuiston-Surrett, D., Malpass, S. 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